Generative Adversarial Networks
Generative Adversarial Networks or GANs for short are a type of neural network that can be used to generate data rather than attempt to classify it. Although slightly disturbing, the following site provides an impressive example of GANs can do.
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A generative adversarial network is composed of two parts. A generator that learns to generate plausible data and a discriminator that learns to distinguish the generator’s fake data from real data. The discriminator will penalize the generator whenever it detects fake data.
The training phase of the discriminator and generator are kept separate. In other words, the weights of the generator remain fixed while it produces examples for the discriminator to train on, and vice versa when it’s time to train the generator. Typically, we alternate between training the discriminator and the generator for one or more epochs.
The discriminator training process is comparable to that of any other neural network. The discriminator classifies both real samples and fake data from the generator. The discriminator loss function penalizes the discriminator for misclassifying a real instance as fake or a fake instance as real, and updates the discriminator’s weights via backpropagation.
Similarly, the generator generates samples which are then classified by the discriminator as being fake or real. The results are then fed into a loss function which penalizes the generator for failing to fool the discriminator and backpropagation is used to modify the generator’s weights.
As the generator improves with training, the discriminator performance gets worse because the discriminator fails to distinguish between real and fake. If the generator succeeds perfectly, then the discriminator has a 50% accuracy (no better than random chance). The later poses a real problem for convergence of the GAN as a whole. If the GAN continues training past the point when the discriminator is giving completely random feedback, then the generator starts to train on junk feedback, and its own performance may be affected.
Python Code
Let’s take a look at how we could go about implementing a generative adversarial network in Python. To begin, we import the following libraries.
from keras.datasets import mnist
from keras.layers import Input, Dense, Reshape, Flatten, Dropout
from keras.layers import BatchNormalization, Activation
from keras.layers.advanced_activations import LeakyReLU
from keras.models import Sequential, Model
from keras.optimizers import Adam
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import sys
import numpy as npWe’ll be using the MNIST dataset which contains 28 by 28 images of handwritten digits. We create a class called GAN with the following parameters.
class GAN():
def __init__(self):
self.image_rows = 28
self.image_cols = 28
self.channels = 1
self.image_shape = (self.image_rows, self.image_cols, self.channels)
self.input_dim = 100
optimizer = Adam(0.0002, 0.5)
self.discriminator = self.build_discriminator()
self.discriminator.compile(loss='binary_crossentropy', optimizer=optimizer, metrics=['accuracy'])
self.generator = self.build_generator()_in = Input(shape=(self.input_dim,))
image = self.generator(_in)self.discriminator.trainable = Falsevalidity = self.discriminator(image)self.combined = Model(_in, validity)
self.combined.compile(loss='binary_crossentropy', optimizer=optimizer)We define the generator network.
def build_generator(self):
model = Sequential()
model.add(Dense(256, input_dim=self.input_dim))
model.add(LeakyReLU(alpha=0.2))
model.add(BatchNormalization(momentum=0.8))
model.add(Dense(512))
model.add(LeakyReLU(alpha=0.2))
model.add(BatchNormalization(momentum=0.8))
model.add(Dense(1024))
model.add(LeakyReLU(alpha=0.2))
model.add(BatchNormalization(momentum=0.8))
model.add(Dense(np.prod(self.image_shape), activation='tanh'))
model.add(Reshape(self.image_shape))
model.summary()
noise = Input(shape=(self.input_dim,))
image = model(noise)
return Model(noise, image)We define the discriminator network.
def build_discriminator(self):
model = Sequential()
model.add(Flatten(input_shape=self.image_shape))
model.add(Dense(512))
model.add(LeakyReLU(alpha=0.2))
model.add(Dense(256))
model.add(LeakyReLU(alpha=0.2))
model.add(Dense(1, activation='sigmoid'))
model.summary()
image = Input(shape=self.image_shape)
validity = model(image)
return Model(image, validity)Next, we define a function to train the model. We begin by normalizing the pixels of each image such that they range from negative to positive one. We use Numpy to create random noise which in turn is used by the generator to produce fake data. The discriminator is trained on the generated data in addition to the samples that are known to be real. Lastly, the generator loss computed by comparing the output against actual samples.
def train(self, epochs, batch_size=128, sample_interval=50):
(X_train, _), (_, _) = mnist.load_data()
X_train = X_train / 127.5 - 1.
X_train = np.expand_dims(X_train, axis=3)
valid = np.ones((batch_size, 1))
fake = np.zeros((batch_size, 1))for epoch in range(epochs):
index = np.random.randint(0, X_train.shape[0], batch_size)
images = X_train[index]
noise = np.random.normal(0, 1, (batch_size, self.input_dim))
gen_images = self.generator.predict(noise)
d_loss_real = self.discriminator.train_on_batch(images, valid)
d_loss_fake = self.discriminator.train_on_batch(gen_images, fake)
d_loss = 0.5 * np.add(d_loss_real, d_loss_fake)noise = np.random.normal(0, 1, (batch_size, self.input_dim))
g_loss = self.combined.train_on_batch(noise, valid)print ("%d [Discriminator loss: %f, acc.: %.2f%%] [Generator loss: %f]" % (epoch, d_loss[0], 100*d_loss[1], g_loss))
if epoch % sample_interval == 0:
self.sample_images(epoch)We periodically save the output in order to evaluate the model’s performance throughout the training process.
def sample_images(self, epoch):
r, c = 5, 5
noise = np.random.normal(0, 1, (r * c, self.input_dim))
gen_images = self.generator.predict(noise)
gen_images = 0.5 * gen_images + 0.5
fig, axs = plt.subplots(r, c)
count = 0
for i in range(r):
for j in range(c):
axs[i,j].imshow(gen_images[count, :,:,0], cmap='gray')
axs[i,j].axis('off')
count += 1
fig.savefig("images/%d.png" % epoch)
plt.close()Finally, we create an instance of the GAN class and train the model.
gan = GAN()
gan.train(epochs=100000, batch_size=128, sample_interval=10000)Initially, the output of the GAN is just random noise.
However, by the end, the output begins to look like handwritten digits.
